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Community Development Journal 39:156-165
© 2004 Oxford University Press and Community Development Journal

Improved community participation: Lessons from water supply programmes in Angola

Sam Godfrey and Amaka Obika

Sam Godfrey was the National Water and Sanitation Advisor for Oxfam GB in Angola from 1999 to 2001. He is currently a Research Associate at the Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University, UK. Amaka Obika was the National Environmental Health Advisor for Oxfam GB in Angola from 1999 to 2001. She is currently an Assistant Programme Manager at the Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University, UK

Address for correspondence: S.E.N.Godfrey{at}lboro.ac.uk

The study highlights methods supporting critiques of the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique stating that participation is most successfully achieved through a thorough understanding of community heterogeneity. Findings outlined in the paper demonstrate that this can be achieved through a two-stage approach: (1) the identification of varied heterogeneous groups and (2) through a process of ‘social inclusion’ of potential community leaders. The paper presents an understanding of community heterogeneity in the context of construction and management of community water supplies in Angola, South West Africa.


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